ಆತ್ಮೀಯ ಓದುಗರೇ,

ಪಂಚಾಯತ್ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ದಿ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿ/ಕಾರ್ಯದರ್ಶಿ ಗ್ರೇಡ್-1 ಹುದ್ದೆಗಳ ಪರೀಕ್ಷೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಇಂಗ್ಲೀಷ್ ವ್ಯಾಕರಣ ಪತ್ರಿಕೆ ಸಲುವಾಗಿ ಕರುನಾಡುಎಗ್ಸಾಂ ತಂಡ ಇಂಗ್ಲೀಷ್ ವ್ಯಾಕರಣ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಪರೀಕ್ಷೆಗೆ ಉಪಯುಕ್ತವಾಗುವ ಮಾಹಿತಿಯನ್ನು ಇಲ್ಲಿ ನೀಡಿದೆ. ಮುಂದಿನ ದಿನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಇಂಗ್ಲೀಷ್ ವ್ಯಾಕರಣ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳನ್ನು ಪ್ರಕಟಿಸಲಾಗುವುದು.

ಯಾವುದೇ ಭಾಷೆಯನ್ನ ವ್ಯಾಕರಣದ ಸಹಾಯವಿಲ್ಲದೇ ಶುದ್ದವಾಗಿ ಮಾತನಾಡುವುದು, ಬರೆಯುವುದು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಿಲ್ಲ. ಆಗಾಗಿ ವ್ಯಾಕರಣ ಕಲಿಯುವುದು ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಅವಶ್ಯಕವಾಗಿದೆ. ವ್ಯಾಕರಣವದ ಅಧ್ಯಯನವನ್ನು ಇಂಗ್ಲೀಷ್ ವರ್ಣಮಾಲೆಯಿಂದ ತಿಳಿದುಕೊಳ್ಳೊಣ. [ಹಂತಹಂತವಾಗಿ ಪ್ರಕಟಿಸಲಾಗುವುದು].

ಇಂಗ್ಲೀಷ್ ವ್ಯಾಕರಣ

PARTS OF SPEECH

Words in sentences are classified into eight parts. These parts are known as parts of speech. This is classification is done on the bases of the function of the word in the sentence.

They are as follows,

1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Verb
4. Adverb
5. Adjective
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection

1.     Noun

A noun is a word which is used to indicate the name of the person, place or thing.

Ex: 

• Arun is a dull boy.
• London is a big city.
• The lion is cruel animal.
• The fox is a very cunning animal.
• The table is made up of wood.

Kinds of nouns:

There are five kinds of nouns. They are as follows.

1. Proper noun
2. Common noun
3. Collective noun
4. Material noun
5. Abstract noun

i. Proper noun:

A word is used to denote a particular person, place, animal or thing is called a proper noun.

Ex:  Chandru, Saraswathi, Nayak, Mysore, Table, Chair, Tiger, etc.

ii. Common noun:

A word used in common to denote every person, place, animal or thing of the same kind is called a common noun.

Ex: Emperor, Empress, Tree, Plant, Flower, Animal, Bird, Fruit, Books, Man, Woman, Girl, Queen.

iii. Collective noun:

A Collective noun is usually the name of a group of persons, animals, places, things taken together and spoken as a whole.

Ex: Flock, Herd, Team, Audience

iv. Material noun:

A material noun is the name of the some material or substance which is supposed to have no separate parts.

Ex: air, silver, gold, iron, copper, sand, coal, rock, sunlight, rain, earth, salt, etc.

v. Abstract noun:  

An abstract noun is usually the name of quality  action and state considered a part from the object to which it belongs.

Ex: Love, Anger, Hate, Peace, Loyalty, Integrity, Pride       , Courage, Deceit, Honesty, Trust, Compassion, Bravery, Misery, Childhood, etc.

2. Pronoun:

A pronoun is a word which is used instead of a noun. It is used to denote a whole category of persons,places, animals or things.

Ex: I, me, he, she, herself, you, it, that, they, each, few, many, who, whoever, whose, someone, everybody, etc.

Kinds of pronouns:

1. Personal pronoun: I, he, we, you, she, it, they
2. Reflective pronoun: Myself, herself, themselves
3. Demonstrative pronoun: Mine
4. Distributive pronoun: Everybody, each
5. Interrogative pronoun: Which, who, whose etc.

3.  Verb:

Verb is a word, which is used to express the action of a noun or pronoun.

Ex:  run, talk, dance, think, believe, and fear

Kinds of verbs:

There are mainly two kinds of verbs. They are as follow.

1. The main verb
2. The helping verb

i. The main verb:

The main verbs show the action of noun or pronoun

Ex:

1. Dogs usually chase cats.
2. But my cat chases my dog.
3. My cat is chasing my dog.
4. My dog has sometimes chased my cat.

ii. The helping verb:

The helping verbs are used with the main verb. The helping verb shows the particular tense the helping verb is also called as auxiliary verb.

Ex:

Has, could, should, does, will, have, had, might, shall, did, can, must, ought to, would, might, do, am, is,            are, was, were, be, being, been

4.  Adverb:

An adverb is a word, which is used to say something about a verb or an adjective or another verb.

 Ex:

1. The manager accepted the challenge very nicely.
2. Tears began to fall as he saw the completely lifeless body of his wife.

5. Adjective:

An adjective is a word, which is used to say something about noun or pronoun. It expresses the quality of a noun or pronoun.

Ex: Bitter, Lemon-flavored, Spicy, Auricular, Fluffy, Sharp, Blaring,Melodic, Screeching, Azure,             Gary,  Pinkish, Abundant,            Jumbo,          Puny

Kinds of Adjective:

i. Quantitative adjective

It shows the quantity.

ii. Quantitative adjective

It describes the noun or pronoun.

iii.   Demonstrative adjective

It indicates the man, thing, animal etc.

6. Preposition:

These words denote the relation between two nouns or pronouns. Preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun which shows the relation.

Ex:

Towards-in the direction of-The child ran towards her father.

Under-beneath, below-Water flows under the bridge.

7. Conjunction:

The conjunctions are the words which are used to connect two words,  clauses or two sentences.

Ex: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

8. Interjection:

Interjection is a word, which expresses the sudden feelings of human mind.

When we observe the unexpected events, things suddenly we Express our feelings, by some words. They are known as Interjections.

Ex:

1. Uh oh! The teacher’s caught him.
2. Whew! I can’t believe we actually finished it all.

Kinds of Interjections:

1. Expressing joy: Hurrah! We have won the match
2. Expressing sorrow: Alas! She is dead
3. Expressing surprise: Oh! My god
4. Expressing recognition: Ah! Has the bus gone?
5. Expressing contempt: File! You lazy follow
6. Expressing admiration/approved: Bravo! Well hit

1.     NOUN NUMBERS:

Number is a word which denotes or which is used for counting the things, person, places etc.

Kinds of Numbers:

There are two kinds of numbers they are as follows.

i. Singular

ii.Plural

i. Singular:

A noun that denotes one person, thing is used to be in the singular number.

Ex: I, me, you, he, him, she, her, it

ii. Plural:

A noun that denotes more than person or thing is called plural number.

Ex: we, us, you, they, them

Formation of plural numbers:

i. By adding ‘S’ to the singular number.

Ex:

Singular	Plural
boat	boats
house	houses
cat	cats
river	rivers

ii. If the noun ends with S, SH, CH, X then plurals are formed by adding, ‘es’  to the singular.

Ex:

Singular	Plural
bus	buses
wish	wishes
pitch	pitches
box	boxes

iii. If the noun ends with ‘O’ then plurals are formed by adding ‘es’   to the singular.

Ex:

Singular	Plural
Hero	Heroes
Cargo	Cargoes
Eco	Ecoes
No	Noes

iv. If the noun ends with ‘Y’ then plurals are formed by changing ‘Y’ By ‘ies’.

Ex:

Singular	Plural
penny	pennies
spy	spies
baby	babies
city	cities
daisy	daisies

v. If the verb ends with ‘f’ or ‘fe’ then the plurals are formed by changing f or fw by ves.

Singular	Plural
calf	calves
half	halves
knife	knives
leaf	leaves
loaf	loaves
life	lives
wife	wives
shelf	shelves
thief	thieves
yourself	yourselves

vi.By changing inside vowels of singular

Ex:

Singular	Plural
Man	Men
Foot	feet

vii. By adding  ‘en’  to the singular.

Ex:

Singular	Plural
Ox	Oxen
Child	Children

viii. Some nouns have the singular and plural alike.

Ex:

Singular	Plural
sheep	sheep
fish	fish
deer	deer
species	species
aircraft	aircraft

 

ix.The following plurals are commonly used as singular.

Ex: Mathematics, Physics, Politics

X. Some singular nouns are commonly used as plurals.

EX: Poultry, People

GENDERS:

The words which show or indicate the s Ex of human beings are called genders.

Kinds of Genders:

Mainly the genders are classified in to four kinds.

1. Masculine
2. Feminine gender
3. Common gender
4. Neuter gender

1. Masculine gender:

A noun that denotes the male animal or male sEx is called masculine gender.

2. Feminine gender:

A noun that denotes the female animal or female sEx is called Feminine gender.

 3. Neuter gender:

A noun that denotes a thing that is neither  male nor female is called  neuter gender.  The things without life or non living things are commonly called as neuter gender.

Ex:

Masculine	Feminine	Gender neutral
father	mother	parent
boy	girl	child
uncle	aunt
husband	wife	spouse

2.     PREPOSITIONS:

Preposition is a word used before a noun or pronoun which shows the relation.  It is a word which is used before some particular words and after some particular words.

 Ex:

COMMON PREPOSITIONS
PLACE	POSITION	DIRECTION	TIME	OTHER
above	beyond	on	after	except
across	by	opposite	before	as
along	down	out (of)	at	like
among	from	outside	by	about
at	in	over	for	with
away from	in front of	around	during	without
behind	inside	through	from	by
below	into	to	in	for
beside	near	towards
between	off	under
		up

1. I prefer to read in the library.
2. He climbed up the ladder to get into the attic.
3. Please sign your name on the dotted line after you read the contract.
4. Go down the stairs and through the door.
5. He swam across the pool.

Kinds of prepositions:

1. Simple prepositions
2. Compound prepositions
3. Double prepositions
4. Participle prepositions
5. Phrase prepositions

i. Simple Prepositions

Simple prepositions are words like in, on, at, about, over, under, off, of, for, to etc.

• She sat on the sofa.
• He is going to the market.
• He fell off the ladder.
• There is some water in the bottle.
• She is about seven.

ii. Compound prepositions

Compound prepositions are words like without, within, inside, outside, into, beneath, below, behind, between etc.

• He fell into the river.
• She sat between her kids.
• He sat beside her.
• There is nothing inside the jar.
• The teacher stood behind the desk.

iii.Double prepositions

Double prepositions are words like outside of, out of, from behind, from beneath etc.

• Suddenly he emerged from behind the curtain.
• He walked out of the compound.

iv.Participle prepositions

Participle prepositions are words like concerning, notwithstanding, pending, considering etc.

• There was little chance of success, notwithstanding they decided to go ahead.
• You did the job well, considering your age and inexperience.

v.Phrase prepositions

Phrase prepositions are phrases like because of, by means of, with regard to, on behalf of, instead of, on account of, in opposition to, for the sake of etc.

• I am standing here on behalf of my friends and colleagues.
• The match was cancelled because of the rain.
• He succeeded by means of perseverance.

3. CONJUNCTIONS:

Conjunction is a word used to connect the two words or two sentences.

Conjunction is a word which joins two words or sentences together without changing their meaning.

EX: while, as soon as, although, before, even if, because, no matter how, whether, wherever, when, until, after, as if,    how,  if, provided, in that, once, supposing, while, unless, in case, as far as,       now that, as, so that, though, since, And, but, etc.

• It is so cold outside, so I brought you a jacket.
• Because it is so cold outside, I brought you a jacket.

ARTICLES (a, an, & the)

Article is a word, which is used before a noun or a pronoun to show a particular person, place or thing.

Classification of Articles:

There are two types of articles. They are as follows.

1. Definite article
2. Indefinite article

i. Definite article:

The article which shows or which points out the particular person, place or thing is called definite article.

“The” is called definite article.

Ex:

• “The car I bought broke down.”
• “He has a son and a daughter. The daughter is a doctor.”
• “The actors were really good.”
• “I remember the day we first met.”

ii.   Indefinite article:

The article which points out indefinite person, place or things is called Indefinite article.

‘ A ‘  and  ‘ an ‘  are called as a Indefinite article.

Ex:

• “I need a”
• “Lisa wants to see a movie.”
• “Joe has a car.”
• “She is an Indian”

Use of Definite article:

i. When we speak of a particular person or thing.

Ex: Let’s go to the club.

ii. When a singular noun is meant to represent a whole class.

Ex: The rose is Red

iii. With the names of the gulfs, rivers, seas, oceans, groups, islands, mountains etc.

Ex: The Red Sea.

iv. Before the name of certain books.

Ex: The Ramayana

v. Before common nouns.

Ex: The Sky, the Sun

vi. With superlatives.

Ex: The darkest cloud

vii. With ordinals.

Ex: He was the first Man

viii. Before musical instruments.

Ex: He can play Harmonium

ix. Before the names of the animal.

Ex: The dog is loyal animal

x. Before the name of the nations and the news papers.

Ex: India is the richest country

xi. Before the names of the countries.

Ex: The Indian express is a good paper

xii.  ‘The’ is used to indicate a class of persons.

Ex: The rich people should help the poor

Use of Indefinite article ‘ A ‘:

i. It is used before a common nouns in the singular numbers begins with constants.

Ex: A boy, A dog

ii. It is used before singular common noun which begins with vowels having consonant sound.

EX: It is universal truth

Use of indefinite article ‘An’:

i. It is used before the common nouns in the singular number which begins with vowels.

Ex: An Ink, An own

ii. It is used before the common nouns in the singular number which begin with consonants having vowel sound.

EX: He is an MP, He is an honest man

DEGREES:

The degrees of comparison are used to compare the qualities of two or more nouns.  The degree of comparison is three in number.

They are as follows.

i. The positive degree:

The positive degree denotes the simple quality of nouns the positive degree states about the actual state of being a person, animal or thing.

Ex: Very few boys in the class are as tall as John.

ii. The comparative degree:

When a comparison is made between two persons animals, thing or places it is used to be comparative degree.

Ex:

• John is taller than any other boys in the class.
• John is taller than most other boys in the class.

iii. Superlative degree:

The Superlative degree is used when one thing is compared with many other or all things of the same class to show that it possesses the quality in a higher degree than all the rest.

Ex:

• John is the tallest boy in the class.
• John is one of the tallest boy in the class.

Rules:

 

i. If we add ‘er ‘and ‘ est. ‘ to the positive which become comparative and superlative degrees.

Ex:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
tall	taller	tallest
fat	fatter	fattest
big	bigger	biggest
sad	sadder	saddest

 

ii. If the positive ends with ‘ e ‘ only ‘ r ‘  and ‘st ‘  added.

Ex:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Brave	Braver	Bravest
Wise	Wiser	Wisest
True	Truer	Truest
Large	Larger	Largest

iii.  If the positive ends with  ‘ y ‘  and is processed by a constant the  ‘ y ‘ replaced   by  ‘ i ‘  and ‘ er ‘ , ‘est ‘  are added.

Ex:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
happy	Happier	happiest
simple	Simpler	simplest
busy	Busier	busiest
tilted	more tilted	most tilted
tangled	more tangled	most tangled

iv. If the positive ends with ‘ y ‘ and is processed by a vowel the  ‘ y ‘ is replaced by  ‘ i ‘ and ‘ er ‘ and ‘est ‘ are added in comparative and superlative degree respectively.

Ex:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Gay	Gaier	Gaiest
Grey	Greier	Greist

v. If the positive ends with consonant and is preceded by a vowel the last consonant is doubled and ‘ er ‘ and  ‘ est ‘ are added in comparative and superlative degrees respectively.

Ex:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Thin	Thinner	Thinnest
Hot	Hotter	Hottest

 vi. By adding ‘ more ‘ and ‘ most before positive the comparative and superlative degrees are formed.

Ex:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
important	more important	most important
expensive	more expensive	most expensive

vii.  By using different words  to the positive degree.

Ex:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
good	better	best
Bad	worse	worst
Little	less	least
much	more	most
Far	further / farther	furthest / farthest

Transformation of degrees:

• Very few countries in the world are as large as China. (Positive)
• China is larger than most other countries in the world. (Comparative)
• China is one of the largest countries in the world. (Superlative)

• No other man was as strong as Hercules. (Positive)
• Hercules was stronger than any other man. (Comparative)
• Hercules was the strongest man in the world. (Superlative)

• No other boy in the class is as intelligent as James. (Positive)
• James is more intelligent than any other boy in the class. (Comparative)
• James is the most intelligent boy in the class. (Superlative)

• Very few Indian saints were as popular as Vivekananda. (Positive)
• Vivekananda was more popular than most other Indian saints. (Comparative)
• Vivekananda was one of the most popular Indian saints. (Superlative)

TENSES:

The word tense is associated with verbs. The word tense means the time.  The tense tells us about the time of action or event that takes

Place by a verb. Tenses are most important to understand the time of work.

Kinds of Tenses

1. Present Tense
2. Past Tense
3. Future Tense

i.  Present Tense:

The present tense shows that the action or work takes place at present.

Kinds of present tense

1. Simple present tense
2. Present continuous tense
3. Present perfect tense
4. Present perfect continuous tense

They are discussed as follows:

i.  Simple present tense:

The Simple present tense   shows that the action or work takes place at present.  It shows the present time of a verb. The simple present tense doesn’t say when actually the work begins and when it ends.

Ex:

• I visit my uncle every Friday
• The sun rises in the morning.

The Verb Give.

Persons	Singular	Plural
1st Person	I give	We give
2nd Person	You give	You give
3rd Person	He gives	They give
	She gives
	It gives

ii.  Present continuous tense:

The Present continuous tense show that the work has started presently but it is going on continuously. It means that the work has not yet been completed.

Ex:

• I am working on my computer
• I am leaving tomorrow

Sub+am/is/are+giving+object

Persons	Singular	Plural
1st Person	I am giving	We are giving
2nd Person	You are giving	You are giving
3rd Person	He is giving	They are giving
	She is giving
	It is giving

iii. Present perfect tense:

The Present perfect tense show that the work had started some time now has been just now completed the word perfect means complete

Ex:

• I have been to Italy.
• She has read that book.

Persons	Singular	Plural
1st Person	I have given a pen	We have given a pen
2nd Person	You have given a pen	You have given a pen
3rd Person	He has given a pen	They have given a pen
	She has given a pen
	It has given a pen

iv. Present perfect continuous tense:

The Present perfect continuous tense show that the work which has started sometime before has been temporarily completed but again it has been set in operation to go on for long.

Ex:

• He has been sleeping for the last 3 hours
• The grass is wet because it has been raining all day long.

Persons	Singular	Plural
1st Person	I have been giving a pen	We have been giving a pen
2nd Person	You have been giving a pen	You have been giving a pen
3rd Person	He has been giving a pen	They have been giving a pen
	She has been giving a pen
	It has been giving a pen

II. Past Tense:

Past tense shows the past time of a verb. It shows that the work or action took place in the past time.

Ex:

Kinds of past tense:

1. Simple past tense
2. Past continuous tense
3. Past perfect tense
4. Past perfect continuous tense

i.  Simple past tense:

The Simple past tense shows that the work or action took place in the past time. It doesn’t say when actually to work began and when it ended.

Ex:

• He Sold his pen.
• They Played well .

Persons	Singular	Plural
1st Person	I gave a pen	We gave a pen
2nd Person	You gave a pen	You gave a pen
3rd Person	He gave a pen	They gave a pen
	She gave a pen
	It gave a pen

ii. Past continuous tense:

The Past continuous tense shows that the work had started in the past time,   but it was going on continuously.  It means that the work had not yet been completed.

Ex:

• Arun was giving a pen
• The dog was barking

Persons	Singular	Plural
1st Person	I was giving a pen	We were giving a pen
2nd Person	You were giving a pen	You were giving a pen
3rd Person	He was giving a pen	They were giving a pen
	She was giving a pen
	It was giving a pen

iii. Past perfect tense:

It shows that the work had started in the past time and it had just been completed.

Ex:

• She had gone to Mysore
• He had requested to help him.

Persons	Singular	Plural
1st Person	I had given a pen	We had given a pen
2nd Person	You had given a pen	You had given a pen
3rd Person	He had given a pen	They had given a pen
	She had given a pen
	It had given a pen

iv. Past perfect continuous tense:

The Past perfect continuous tense shows that the work had started in the past time had been temporarily completed but again it had been set in operation to go for long.

Ex:

• They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.
• She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business.

Persons	Singular	Plural
1st Person	I had been giving a pen	We had been giving a pen
2nd Person	You had been giving a pen	You had been giving a pen
3rd Person	He had been giving a pen	They had been giving a pen
	She had been giving a pen
	It had been giving a pen

III. Future tense:

Kinds of future tense.

1. Simple future tense
2. Future continuous tense
3. Future perfect tense
4. Future perfect continuous

i. Simple future tense:

It shows that the work or action has not yet been started and that it will take place some time.  It doesn’t say when actually the work takes place but simply says the work will take place in future time.

Ex:

• They will dance all night long.
• Next month he will be ten years old.

Person	Subject	Will/Shall + Verb (Ist Form)	Object
1st person	I	shall stay	in hotel.
1st Person -Plural	We	shall stay	in hotel.
2nd Person	You	will stay	in hotel.
3rd Person -Singular	He/She/It/Ram	will stay	in hotel.
3rd Person -Plural	They/boys	will stay	in hotel.

ii. Future continuous tense:

The   Future continuous tense shows that work will s start some time that it is in future and will continue for some time.

Ex:

• They’ll be studying until 5 o’clock.
• She’ll be playing tennis until she gets tired.

Person	Subject	Will/Shall	Be + Verb (Ist Form) + Ing	Object
1st person	I	shall	be watching	TV on Sunday.
1st Person -Plural	We	shall	be watching	TV on Sunday.
2nd Person	You	will	be watching	TV on Sunday.
3rd Person -Singular	He/She/It/ Ram	will	be watching	TV on Sunday.
3rd Person -Plural	They/boys	will	be watching	TV on Sunday.

iii.Future perfect tense:

It shows that the work will begin in the future time or which has already begun and is in progress over a period of time will be completed of some specific point of time in future.

Ex:

• Jack will have finished his homework by the time his mother gets home.
• She will have gotten ready by the time they leave the house.

Person	Subject	Will/Shall	Have + Verb (3rd Form)	Object
1st person	I	shall	have finished	the novel by then.
1st Person -Plural	We	shall	have finished	the novel by then.
2nd Person	You	shall	have finished	the novel by then.
3rd Person -Singular	He/She/It/Ram	will	have finished	the novel by then.
3rd Person -Plural	They/boys	will	have finished	the novel by then.

iv. Future perfect continuous:

It shows that the work or action which has already began and has been in progress over a period of time will continue to be in operation in future time also.

• Ex:
  He will have been playing.
• I will have been playing.

Person	Subject	Will/Shall	Have + Been + Verb(Ist Form) + Ing + Object	Since / For	Time + Remaining
1st person	I	shall	have been playing hockey	since	evening
1st Person -Plural	We	shall	have been playing hockey	since	evening
2nd Person	You	Will	have been playing hockey	since	evening
3rd Person -Singular	He/She/It/Ram	Will	have been playing hockey	since	evening
3rd Person -Plural	They/boys	Will	have been playing hockey	since	evening

 

FORMS OF VERBS:

 

Present Tense	Past Tense	Past Participle	‘ing’ form	s / es/ ies
Abash	Abashed	Abashed	Abashing	Abashes
Abate	Abated	Abated	Abating	Abates
Abide	Abode	Abode	Abiding	Abides
Absorb	Absorbed	Absorbed	Absorbing	Absorbs
Accept	Accepted	Accepted	Accepting	Accepts
Accompany	Accompanied	Accompanied	Accompanying	Accompanies
Ache	Ached	Ached	Aching	Aches
Achieve	Achieved	Achieved	Achieving	Achieves
Acquire	Acquired	Acquired	Acquiring	Acquires
Act	Acted	Acted	Acting	Acts
Add	Added	Added	Adding	Adds
Address	Addressed	Addressed	Addressing	Addresses
Adjust	Adjusted	Adjusted	Adjusting	Adjusts
Admire	Admired	Admired	Admiring	Admires
Admit	Admitted	Admitted	Admitting	Admits
Advise	Advised	Advised	Advising	Advises
Afford	Afforded	Afforded	Affording	Affords
Agree	Agreed	Agreed	Agreeing	Agrees
Alight	Alit	Alit	Alighting	Alights
Allow	Allowed	Allowed	Allowing	Allows
Animate	Animated	Animated	Animating	Animates
Announce	Announced	Announced	Announcing	Announces
Answer	Answered	Answered	Answering	Answers
Apologize	Apologized	Apologized	Apologizing	Apologizes
Appear	Appeared	Appeared	Appearing	Appears
Applaud	Applauded	Applauded	Applauding	Applauds
Apply	Applied	Applied	Applying	Applies
Approach	Approached	Approached	Approaching	Approaches
Approve	Approved	Approved	Approving	Approves
Argue	Argued	Argued	Arguing	Argues
Arise	Arose	Arisen	Arising	Arises
Arrange	Arranged	Arranged	Arranging	Arranges
Arrest	Arrested	Arrested	Arresting	Arrests
Ask	Asked	Asked	Asking	Asks
Assert	Asserted	Asserted	Asserting	Asserts
Assort	Assorted	Assorted	Assorting	Assorts
Astonish	Astonished	Astonished	Astonishing	Astonishes
Attack	Attacked	Attacked	Attacking	Attacks
Attend	Attended	Attended	Attending	Attends
Attract	Attracted	Attracted	Attracting	Attracts
Audit	Audited	Audited	Auditing	Audits
Avoid	Avoided	Avoided	Avoiding	Avoids
Awake	Awoke	Awoken	Awaking	Awakes
Bang	Banged	Banged	Banging	Bangs
Banish	Banished	Banished	Banishing	Banishes
Bash	Bashed	Bashed	Bashing	Bashes
Bat	Batted	Batted	Batting	Bats
Be (Am, Are)	Was / Were	Been	Being	Is
Bear	Bore	Born	Bearing	Bears
Bear	Bore	Borne	Bearing	Bears
Beat	Beat	Beaten	Beating	Beats
Beautify	Beautified	Beautified	Beautifying	Beautifies
Become	Became	Become	Becoming	Becomes
Befall	Befell	Befallen	Befalling	Befalls
Beg	Begged	Begged	Begging	Begs
Begin	Began	Begun	Beginning	Begins
Behave	Behaved	Behaved	Behaving	Behaves
Behold	Beheld	Beheld	Beholding	Beholds
Believe	Believed	Believed	Believing	Believes
Belong	Belonged	Belonged	Belonging	Belongs
Bend	Bent	Bent	Bending	Bends
Bereave	Bereft	Bereft	Bereaving	Bereaves
Beseech	Besought	Besought	Beseeching	Beseeches
Bet	Bet	Bet	Betting	Bets
Betray	Betrayed	Betrayed	Betraying	Betrays
Bid	Bade	Bidden	Bidding	Bids
Bid	Bid	Bid	Bidding	Bids
Bind	Bound	Bound	Binding	Binds
Bite	Bit	Bitten	Biting	Bites
Bleed	Bled	Bled	Bleeding	Bleeds
Bless	Blessed	Blessed	Blessing	Blesses
Blossom	Blossomed	Blossomed	Blossoming	Blossoms
Blow	Blew	Blown	Blowing	Blows
Blur	Blurred	Blurred	Blurring	Blurs
Blush	Blushed	Blushed	Blushing	Blushes
Board	Boarded	Boarded	Boarding	Boards
Boast	Boasted	Boasted	Boasting	Boasts
Boil	Boiled	Boiled	Boiling	Boils
Bow	Bowed	Bowed	Bowing	Bows
Box	Boxed	Boxed	Boxing	Boxes
Bray	Brayed	Brayed	Braying	Brays
Break	Broke	Broken	Breaking	Breaks
Breathe	Breathed	Breathed	Breathing	Breathes
Breed	Bred	Bred	Breeding	Breeds
Bring	Brought	Brought	Bringing	Brings
Broadcast	Broadcast	Broadcast	Broadcasting	Broadcasts
Brush	Brushed	Brushed	Brushing	Brushes
Build	Built	Built	Building	Builds
Burn	Burnt	Burnt	Burning	Burns
Burst	Burst	Burst	Bursting	Bursts
Bury	Buried	Buried	Burying	Buries
Bust	Bust	Bust	Busting	Busts
Buy	Bought	Bought	Buying	Buys
Buzz	Buzzed	Buzzed	Buzzing	Buzzes
Calculate	Calculated	Calculated	Calculating	Calculates
Call	Called	Called	Calling	Calls
Canvass	Canvassed	Canvassed	Canvassing	Canvasses
Capture	Captured	Captured	Capturing	Captures
Caress	Caressed	Caressed	Caressing	Caresses
Carry	Carried	Carried	Carrying	Carries
Carve	Carved	Carved	Carving	Carves
Cash	Cashed	Cashed	Cashing	Cashes
Cast	Cast	Cast	Casting	Casts
Catch	Caught	Caught	Catching	Catches
Cause	Caused	Caused	Causing	Causes
Cease	Ceased	Ceased	Ceasing	Ceases
Celebrate	Celebrated	Celebrated	Celebrating	Celebrates
Challenge	Challenged	Challenged	Challenging	Challenges
Change	Changed	Changed	Changing	Changes
Charge	Charged	Charged	Charging	Charges
Chase	Chased	Chased	Chasing	Chases
Chat	Chatted	Chatted	Chatting	Chats
Check	Checked	Checked	Checking	Checks
Cheer	Cheered	Cheered	Cheering	Cheers
Chew	Chewed	Chewed	Chewing	Chews
Chide	Chid	Chid/Chidden	Chiding	Chides
Chip	Chipped	Chipped	Chipping	Chips
Choke	Choked	Choked	Choking	Chokes
Choose	Chose	Chosen	Choosing	Chooses
Classify	Classified	Classified	Classifying	Classifies
Clean	Cleaned	Cleaned	Cleaning	Cleans
Cleave	Clove/Cleft	Cloven/Cleft	Cleaving	Cleaves
Click	Clicked	Clicked	Clicking	Clicks
Climb	Climbed	Climbed	Climbing	Climbs
Cling	Clung	Clung	Clinging	Clings
Close	Closed	Closed	Closing	Closes
Clothe	Clad	Clad	Clothing	Clothes
Clutch	Clutched	Clutched	Clutching	Clutches
Collapse	Collapsed	Collapsed	Collapsing	Collapses
Collect	Collected	Collected	Collecting	Collects
Colour	Coloured	Coloured	Colouring	Colours
Come	Came	Come	Coming	Comes
Comment	Commented	Commented	Commenting	Comments
Compare	Compared	Compared	Comparing	Compares
Compel	Compelled	Compelled	Compelling	Compels
Compete	Competed	Competed	Competing	Competes
Complain	Complained	Complained	Complaining	Complains
Complete	Completed	Completed	Completing	Completes
Conclude	Concluded	Concluded	Concluding	Concludes
Conduct	Conducted	Conducted	Conducting	Conducts
Confess	Confessed	Confessed	Confessing	Confesses
Confine	Confined	Confined	Confining	Confines
Confiscate	Confiscated	Confiscated	Confiscating	Confiscates
Confuse	Confused	Confused	Confusing	Confuses
Congratulate	Congratulated	Congratulated	Congratulating	Congratulates
Connect	Connected	Connected	Connecting	Connects
Connote	Connoted	Connoted	Connoting	Connotes
Conquer	Conquered	Conquered	Conquering	Conquers
Consecrate	Consecrated	Consecrated	Consecrating	Consecrates
Consent	Consented	Consented	Consenting	Consents
Conserve	Conserved	Conserved	Conserving	Conserves
Consider	Considered	Considered	Considering	Considers
Consign	Consigned	Consigned	Consigning	Consigns
Consist	Consisted	Consisted	Consisting	Consists
Console	Consoled	Consoled	Consoling	Consoles
Consort	Consorted	Consorted	Consorting	Consorts
Conspire	Conspired	Conspired	Conspiring	Conspires
Constitute	Constituted	Constituted	Constituting	Constitutes
Constrain	Constrained	Constrained	Constraining	Constrains
Construct	Constructed	Constructed	Constructing	Constructs
Construe	Construed	Construed	Construing	Construes
Consult	Consulted	Consulted	Consulting	Consults
Contain	Contained	Contained	Containing	Contains
Contemn	Contemned	Contemned	Contemning	Contemns
Contend	Contended	Contended	Contending	Contends
Contest	Contested	Contested	Contesting	Contests
Continue	Continued	Continued	Continuing	Continues
Contract	Contracted	Contracted	Contracting	Contracts
Contradict	Contradicted	Contradicted	Contradicting	Contradicts
Contrast	Contrasted	Contrasted	Contrasting	Contrasts
Contribute	Contributed	Contributed	Contributing	Contributes
Contrive	Contrived	Contrived	Contriving	Contrives
Control	Controlled	Controlled	Controlling	Controls
Convene	Convened	Convened	Convening	Convenes
Converge	Converged	Converged	Converging	Converges
Converse	Conversed	Conversed	Conversing	Converses
Convert	Converted	Converted	Converting	Converts
Convey	Conveyed	Conveyed	Conveying	Conveys
Convict	Convicted	Convicted	Convicting	Convicts
Convince	Convinced	Convinced	Convincing	Convinces
Coo	Cooed	Cooed	Cooing	Coos
Cook	Cooked	Cooked	Cooking	Cooks
Cool	Cooled	Cooled	Cooling	Cools
Co-Operate	Co-Operated	Co-Operated	Co-Operating	Co-Operates
Cope	Coped	Cope	Coping	Copes
Copy	Copied	Copied	Copying	Copies
Correct	Corrected	Corrected	Correcting	Corrects
Correspond	Corresponded	Corresponded	Corresponding	Corresponds
Corrode	Corroded	Corroded	Corroding	Corrodes
Corrupt	Corrupted	Corrupted	Corrupting	Corrupts
Cost	Cost	Cost	Costing	Costs
Cough	Coughed	Coughed	Coughing	Coughs
Counsel	Counselled	Counselled	Counselling	Counsels
Count	Counted	Counted	Counting	Counts
Course	Coursed	Coursed	Coursing	Courses
Cover	Covered	Covered	Covering	Covers
Cower	Cowered	Cowered	Cowering	Cowers
Crack	Cracked	Cracked	Cracking	Cracks
Crackle	Crackled	Crackled	Crackling	Crackles
Crash	Crashed	Crashed	Crashing	Crashes
Crave	Craved	Craved	Craving	Craves
Create	Created	Created	Creating	Creates
Creep	Crept	Crept	Creeping	Creeps
Crib	Cribbed	Cribbed	Cribbing	Cribs
Cross	Crossed	Crossed	Crossing	Crosses
Crowd	Crowded	Crowded	Crowding	Crowds
Crush	Crushed	Crushed	Crushing	Crushes
Cry	Cried	Cried	Crying	Cries
Curb	Curbed	Curbed	Curbing	Curbs
Cure	Cured	Cured	Curing	Cures
Curve	Curved	Curved	Curving	Curves
Cut	Cut	Cut	Cutting	Cuts
Cycle	Cycled	Cycled	Cycling	Cycles
Damage	Damaged	Damaged	Damaging	Damages
Damp	Damped	Damped	Damping	Damps
Dance	Danced	Danced	Dancing	Dances
Dare	Dared	Dared	Daring	Dares
Dash	Dashed	Dashed	Dashing	Dashes
Dazzle	Dazzled	Dazzled	Dazzling	Dazzles
Deal	Dealt	Dealt	Dealing	Deals
Decay	Decayed	Decayed	Decaying	Decays
Decide	Decided	Decided	Deciding	Decides
Declare	Declared	Declared	Declaring	Declares
Decorate	Decorated	Decorated	Decorating	Decorates
Decrease	Decreased	Decreased	Decreasing	Decreases
Dedicate	Dedicated	Dedicated	Dedicating	Dedicates
Delay	Delayed	Delayed	Delaying	Delays
Delete	Deleted	Deleted	Deleting	Deletes
Deny	Denied	Denied	Denying	Denies
Depend	Depended	Depended	Depending	Depends
Deprive	Deprived	Deprived	Depriving	Deprives
Derive	Derived	Derived	Deriving	Derives
Describe	Described	Described	Describing	Describes
Desire	Desired	Desired	Desiring	Desires
Destroy	Destroyed	Destroyed	Destroying	Destroys
Detach	Detached	Detached	Detaching	Detaches
Detect	Detected	Detected	Detecting	Detects
Determine	Determined	Determined	Determining	Determines
Develop	Developed	Developed	Developing	Develops
Die	Died	Died	Dying	Dies
Differ	Differed	Differed	Differing	Differs
Dig	Dug	Dug	Digging	Digs
Digest	Digested	Digested	Digesting	Digests
Dim	Dimmed	Dimmed	Dimming	Dims
Diminish	Diminished	Diminished	Diminishing	Diminishes
Dine	Dined	Dined	Dining	Dines
Dip	Dipped	Dipped	Dipping	Dips
Direct	Directed	Directed	Directing	Directs
Disappear	Disappeared	Disappeared	Disappearing	Disappears
Discover	Discovered	Discovered	Discovering	Discovers
Discuss	Discussed	Discussed	Discussing	Discusses
Disobey	Disobeyed	Disobeyed	Disobeying	Disobeys
Display	Displayed	Displayed	Displaying	Displays
Dispose	Disposed	Disposed	Disposing	Disposes
Distribute	Distributed	Distributed	Distributing	Distributes
Disturb	Disturbed	Disturbed	Disturbing	Disturbs
Disuse	Disused	Disused	Disusing	Disuses
Dive	Dived	Dived	Diving	Dives
Divide	Divided	Divided	Dividing	Divides
Do	Did	Done	Doing	Does
Donate	Donated	Donated	Donating	Donates
Download	Downloaded	Downloaded	Downloading	Downloads
Drag	Dragged	Dragged	Dragging	Drags
Draw	Drew	Drawn	Drawing	Draws
Dream	Dreamt	Dreamt	Dreaming	Dreams
Dress	Dressed	Dressed	Dressing	Dresses
Drill	Drilled	Drilled	Drilling	Drills
Drink	Drank	Drunk	Drinking	Drinks
Drive	Drove	Driven	Driving	Drives
Drop	Dropped	Dropped	Dropping	Drops
Dry	Dried	Dried	Drying	Dries
Dump	Dumped	Dumped	Dumping	Dumps
Dwell	Dwelt	Dwelt	Dwelling	Dwells
Dye	Dyed	Dyed	Dyeing	Dyes
Earn	Earned	Earned	Earning	Earns
Eat	Ate	Eaten	Eating	Eats
Educate	Educated	Educated	Educating	Educates
Empower	Empowered	Empowered	Empowering	Empowers
Empty	Emptied	Emptied	Emptying	Empties
Encircle	Encircled	Encircled	Encircling	Encircles
Encourage	Encouraged	Encouraged	Encouraging	Encourages
Encroach	Encroached	Encroached	Encroaching	Encroaches
Endanger	Endangered	Endangered	Entangling	Endangers
Endorse	Endorsed	Endorsed	Endorsing	Endorses
Endure	Endured	Endured	Enduring	Endures
Engrave	Engraved	Engraved	Engraving	Engraves
Enjoy	Enjoyed	Enjoyed	Enjoying	Enjoys
Enlarge	Enlarged	Enlarged	Enlarging	Enlarges
Enlighten	Enlightened	Enlightened	Enlightening	Enlightens
Enter	Entered	Entered	Entering	Enters
Envy	Envied	Envied	Envying	Envies
Erase	Erased	Erased	Erasing	Erases
Escape	Escaped	Escaped	Escaping	Escapes
Evaporate	Evaporated	Evaporated	Evaporating	Evaporates
Exchange	Exchanged	Exchanged	Exchanging	Exchanges
Exclaim	Exclaimed	Exclaimed	Exclaiming	Exclaims
Exclude	Excluded	Excluded	Excluding	Excludes
Exist	Existed	Existed	Existing	Exists
Expand	Expanded	Expanded	Expanding	Expands
Expect	Expected	Expected	Expecting	Expects
Explain	Explained	Explained	Explaining	Explains
Explore	Explored	Explored	Exploring	Explores
Express	Expressed	Expressed	Expressing	Expresses
Extend	Extended	Extended	Extending	Extends
Eye	Eyed	Eyed	Eyeing	Eyes
Face	Faced	Faced	Facing	Faces
Fail	Failed	Failed	Failing	Fails
Faint	Fainted	Fainted	Fainting	Faints
Fall	Fell	Fallen	Falling	Falls
Fan	Fanned	Fanned	Fanning	Fans
Fancy	Fancied	Fancied	Fancying	Fancies
Favour	Favoured	Favoured	Favouring	Favours
Fax	Faxed	Faxed	Faxing	Faxes
Feed	Fed	Fed	Feeding	Feeds
Feel	Felt	Felt	Feeling	Feels
Ferry	Ferried	Ferried	Ferrying	Ferries
Fetch	Fetched	Fetched	Fetching	Fetches
Fight	Fought	Fought	Fighting	Fights
Fill	Filled	Filled	Filling	Fills
Find	Found	Found	Finding	Finds
Finish	Finished	Finished	Finishing	Finishes
Fish	Fished	Fished	Fishing	Fishes
Fit	Fit/Fitted	Fit/Fitted	Fitting	Fits
Fix	Fixed	Fixed	Fixing	Fixes
Fizz	Fizzed	Fizzed	Fizzing	Fizzes
Flap	Flapped	Flapped	Flapping	Flaps
Flash	Flashed	Flashed	Flashing	Flashes

Flee	Fled	Fled	Fleeing	Flees
Fling	Flung	Flung	Flinging	Flings
Float	Floated	Floated	Floating	Floats
Flop	Flopped	Flopped	Flopping	Flops
Fly	Flew	Flown	Flying	Flies
Fold	Folded	Folded	Folding	Folds
Follow	Followed	Followed	Following	Follows
Forbid	Forbade	Forbidden	Forbidding	Forbids
Force	Forced	Forced	Forcing	Forces
Forecast	Forecast	Forecast	Forecasting	Forecasts
Foretell	Foretold	Foretold	Foretelling	Foretells
Forget	Forgot	Forgotten	Forgetting	Forgets
Forgive	Forgave	Forgiven	Forgiving	Forgives
Forlese	Forlore	Forlorn	Forlesing	Forlese
Form	Formed	Formed	Forming	Forms
Forsake	Forsook	Forsaken	Forsaking	Forsakes
Found	Founded	Founded	Founding	Founds
Frame	Framed	Framed	Framing	Frames
Free	Freed	Freed	Freeing	Frees
Freeze	Froze	Frozen	Freezing	Freezes
Frighten	Frightened	Frightened	Frightening	Frightens
Fry	Fried	Fried	Frying	Fries
Fulfil	Fulfilled	Fulfilled	Fulfilling	Fulfils
Gag	Gagged	Gagged	Gagging	Gags
Gain	Gained	Gained	Gaining	Gains
Gainsay	Gainsaid	Gainsaid	Gainsaying	Gainsays
Gash	Gashed	Gashed	Gashing	Gashes
Gaze	Gazed	Gazed	Gazing	Gazes
Get	Got	Got	Getting	Gets
Give	Gave	Given	Giving	Gives
Glance	Glanced	Glanced	Glancing	Glances
Glitter	Glittered	Glittered	Glittering	Glitters
Glow	Glowed	Glowed	Glowing	Glows
Go	Went	Gone	Going	Goes
Google	Googled	Googled	Googling	Googles
Govern	Governed	Governed	Governing	Governs
Grab	Grabbed	Grabbed	Grabbing	Grabs
Grade	Graded	Graded	Grading	Grades
Grant	Granted	Granted	Granting	Grants
Greet	Greeted	Greeted	Greeting	Greets
Grind	Ground	Ground	Grinding	Grinds
Grip	Gripped	Gripped	Gripping	Grips
Grow	Grew	Grown	Growing	Grows
Guard	Guarded	Guarded	Guarding	Guards
Guess	Guessed	Guessed	Guessing	Guesses
Guide	Guided	Guided	Guiding	Guides
Handle	Handled	Handled	Handling	Handles
Hang	Hung	Hung	Hanging	Hangs
Happen	Happened	Happened	Happening	Happens
Harm	Harmed	Harmed	Harming	Harms
Hatch	Hatched	Hatched	Hatching	Hatches
Hate	Hated	Hated	Hating	Hates
Have	Had	Had	Having	Has
Heal	Healed	Healed	Healing	Heals
Hear	Heard	Heard	Hearing	Hears
Heave	Hove	Hove	Heaving	Heaves
Help	Helped	Helped	Helping	Helps
Hew	Hewed	Hewn	Hewing	Hews
Hide	Hid	Hidden	Hiding	Hides
Hinder	Hindered	Hindered	Hindering	Hinders
Hiss	Hissed	Hissed	Hissing	Hisses
Hit	Hit	Hit	Hitting	Hits
Hoax	Hoaxed	Hoaxed	Hoaxing	Hoaxes
Hold	Held	Held	Holding	Holds
Hop	Hopped	Hopped	Hopping	Hops
Hope	Hoped	Hoped	Hoping	Hopes
Horrify	Horrified	Horrified	Horrifying	Horrifies
Hug	Hugged	Hugged	Hugging	Hugs
Hum	Hummed	Hummed	Humming	Hums
Humiliate	Humiliated	Humiliated	Humiliating	Humiliates
Hunt	Hunted	Hunted	Hunting	Hunts
Hurl	Hurled	Hurled	Hurling	Hurls
Hurry	Hurried	Hurried	Hurrying	Hurries
Hurt	Hurt	Hurt	Hurting	Hurts
Hush	Hushed	Hushed	Hushing	Hushes
Hustle	Hustled	Hustled	Hustling	Hustles
Hypnotize	Hypnotized	Hypnotized	Hypnotizing	Hypnotizes
Idealize	Idealized	Idealized	Idealizing	Idealizes
Identify	Identified	Identified	Identifying	Identifies
Idolize	Idolized	Idolized	Idolizing	Idolizes
Ignite	Ignited	Ignited	Igniting	Ignites
Ignore	Ignored	Ignored	Ignoring	Ignores
Ill-Treat	Ill-Treated	Ill-Treated	Ill-Treating	Ill-Treats
Illuminate	Illuminated	Illuminated	Illuminating	Illuminates
Illumine	Illumined	Illumined	Illumining	Illumines
Illustrate	Illustrated	Illustrated	Illustrating	Illustrates
Imagine	Imagined	Imagined	Imagining	Imagines
Imbibe	Imbibed	Imbibed	Imbibing	Imbibes
Imitate	Imitated	Imitated	Imitating	Imitates
Immerse	Immersed	Immersed	Immersing	Immerses
Immolate	Immolated	Immolated	Immolating	Immolates
Immure	Immured	Immured	Immuring	Immures
Impair	Impaired	Impaired	Impairing	Impairs
Impart	Imparted	Imparted	Imparting	Imparts
Impeach	Impeached	Impeached	Impeaching	Impeaches
Impede	Impeded	Impeded	Impeding	Impedes
Impel	Impelled	Impelled	Impelling	Impels
Impend	Impended	Impended	Impending	Impends
Imperil	Imperilled	Imperilled	Imperilling	Imperils
Impinge	Impinged	Impinged	Impinging	Impinges
Implant	Implanted	Implanted	Implanting	Implants
Implicate	Implicated	Implicated	Implicating	Implicates
Implode	Imploded	Imploded	Imploding	Implodes
Implore	Implored	Implored	Imploring	Implores
Imply	Implied	Implied	Implying	Implies
Import	Imported	Imported	Importing	Imports
Impose	Imposed	Imposed	Imposing	Imposes
Impress	Impressed	Impressed	Impressing	Impresses
Imprint	Imprinted	Imprinted	Imprinting	Imprints
Imprison	Imprisoned	Imprisoned	Imprisoning	Imprisons
Improve	Improved	Improved	Improving	Improves
Inaugurate	Inaugurated	Inaugurated	Inaugurating	Inaugurates
Incise	Incised	Incised	Incising	Incises
Include	Included	Included	Including	Includes
Increase	Increased	Increased	Increasing	Increases
Inculcate	Inculcated	Inculcated	Inculcating	Inculcates
Indent	Indented	Indented	Indenting	Indents
Indicate	Indicated	Indicated	Indicating	Indicates
Induce	Induced	Induced	Inducing	Induces
Indulge	Indulged	Indulged	Indulging	Indulges
Infect	Infected	Infected	Infecting	Infects
Infest	Infested	Infested	Infesting	Infests
Inflame	Inflamed	Inflamed	Inflaming	Inflames
Inflate	Inflated	Inflated	Inflating	Inflates
Inflect	Inflected	Inflected	Inflecting	Inflects
Inform	Informed	Informed	Informing	Informs
Infringe	Infringed	Infringed	Infringing	Infringes
Infuse	Infused	Infused	Infusing	Infuses
Ingest	Ingested	Ingested	Ingesting	Ingests
Inhabit	Inhabited	Inhabited	Inhabiting	Inhabits
Inhale	Inhaled	Inhaled	Inhaling	Inhales
Inherit	Inherited	Inherited	Inheriting	Inherits
Initiate	Initiated	Initiated	Initiating	Initiates
Inject	Injected	Injected	Injecting	Injects
Injure	Injured	Injured	Injuring	Injures
Inlay	Inlaid	Inlaid	Inlaying	Inlays
Innovate	Innovated	Innovated	Innovating	Innovates
Input	Input	Input	Inputting	Inputs
Inquire	Inquired	Inquired	Inquiring	Inquires
Inscribe	Inscribed	Inscribed	Inscribing	Inscribes
Insert	Inserted	Inserted	Inserting	Inserts
Inspect	Inspected	Inspected	Inspecting	Inspects
Inspire	Inspired	Inspired	Inspiring	Inspires
Install	Installed	Installed	Installing	Installs
Insult	Insulted	Insulted	Insulting	Insults
Insure	Insured	Insured	Insuring	Insures
Integrate	Integrated	Integrated	Integrating	Integrates
Introduce	Introduced	Introduced	Introducing	Introduces
Invent	Invented	Invented	Inventing	Invents
Invite	Invited	Invited	Inviting	Invites
Join	Joined	Joined	Joining	Joins
Jump	Jumped	Jumped	Jumping	Jumps
Justify	Justified	Justified	Justifying	Justifies
Keep	Kept	Kept	Keeping	Keeps
Kick	Kicked	Kicked	Kicking	Kicks
Kid	Kidded	Kidded	Kidding	Kids
Kill	Killed	Killed	Killing	Kills
Kiss	Kissed	Kissed	Kissing	Kisses
Kneel	Knelt	Knelt	Kneeling	Kneels
Knit	Knit	Knit	Knitting	Knits
Knock	Knocked	Knocked	Knocking	Knocks
Know	Knew	Known	Knowing	Knows
Lade	Laded	Laden	Lading	Lades
Land	Landed	Landed	Landing	Lands
Last	Lasted	Lasted	Lasting	Lasts
Latch	Latched	Latched	Latching	Latches
Laugh	Laughed	Laughed	Laughing	Laughs
Lay	Laid	Laid	Laying	Lays
Lead	Led	Led	Leading	Leads
Leak	Leaked	Leaked	Leaking	Leaks
Lean	Leant	Leant	Leaning	Leans
Leap	Leapt	Leapt	Leaping	Leaps
Learn	Learnt	Learnt	Learning	Learns
Leave	Left	Left	Leaving	Leaves
Leer	Leered	Leered	Leering	Leers
Lend	Lent	Lent	Lending	Lends
Let	Let	Let	Letting	Lets
Lick	Licked	Licked	Licking	Licks
Lie	Lay	Lain	Lying	Lies
Lie	Lied	Lied	Lying	Lies
Lift	Lifted	Lifted	Lifting	Lifts
Light	Lit	Lit	Lighting	Lights
Like	Liked	Liked	Liking	Likes
Limp	Limped	Limped	Limping	Limps
Listen	Listened	Listened	Listening	Listens
Live	Lived	Lived	Living	Lives
Look	Looked	Looked	Looking	Looks
Lose	Lost	Lost	Losing	Loses
Love	Loved	Loved	Loving	Loves
Magnify	Magnified	Magnified	Magnifying	Magnifies
Maintain	Maintained	Maintained	Maintaining	Maintains
Make	Made	Made	Making	Makes
Manage	Managed	Managed	Managing	Manages
March	Marched	Marched	Marching	Marches
Mark	Marked	Marked	Marking	Marks
Marry	Married	Married	Marrying	Marries
Mash	Mashed	Mashed	Mashing	Mashes
Match	Matched	Matched	Matching	Matches
Matter	Mattered	Mattered	Mattering	Matters
Mean	Meant	Meant	Meaning	Means
Measure	Measured	Measured	Measuring	Measures
Meet	Met	Met	Meeting	Meets
Melt	Melted	Melted	Melting	Melts
Merge	Merged	Merged	Merging	Merges
Mew	Mewed	Mewed	Mewing	Mews
Migrate	Migrated	Migrated	Migrating	Migrates
Milk	Milked	Milked	Milking	Milks
Mind	Minded	Minded	Minding	Minds
Mislead	Misled	Misled	Misleading	Misleads
Miss	Missed	Missed	Missing	Misses
Mistake	Mistook	Mistaken	Mistaking	Mistakes
Misuse	Misused	Misused	Misusing	Misuses
Mix	Mixed	Mixed	Mixing	Mixes
Moan	Moaned	Moaned	Moaning	Moans
Modify	Modified	Modified	Modifying	Modifies
Moo	Mooed	Mooed	Mooing	Moos
Motivate	Motivated	Motivated	Motivating	Motivates
Mould	Moulded	Moulded	Moulding	Moulds
Moult	Moulted	Moulted	Moulting	Moults
Move	Moved	Moved	Moving	Moves
Mow	Mowed	Mown	Mowing	Mows
Multiply	Multiplied	Multiplied	Multiplying	Multiplies
Murmur	Murmured	Murmured	Murmuring	Murmurs
Nail	Nailed	Nailed	Nailing	Nails
Nap	Napped	Napped	Napping	Naps
Need	Needed	Needed	Needing	Needs
Neglect	Neglected	Neglected	Neglecting	Neglects
Nip	Nipped	Nipped	Nipping	Nips
Nod	Nodded	Nodded	Nodding	Nods
Note	Noted	Noted	Noting	Notes
Notice	Noticed	Noticed	Noticing	Notices
Notify	Notified	Notified	Notifying	Notifies
Nourish	Nourished	Nourished	Nourishing	Nourishes
Nurse	Nursed	Nursed	Nursing	Nurses
Obey	Obeyed	Obeyed	Obeying	Obeys
Oblige	Obliged	Obliged	Obliging	Obliges
Observe	Observed	Observed	Observing	Observes
Obstruct	Obstructed	Obstructed	Obstructing	Obstructs
Obtain	Obtained	Obtained	Obtaining	Obtains
Occupy	Occupied	Occupied	Occupying	Occupies
Occur	Occurred	Occurred	Occurring	Occurs
Offer	Offered	Offered	Offering	Offers
Offset	Offset	Offset	Offsetting	Offsets
Omit	Omitted	Omitted	Omitting	Omits
Ooze	Oozed	Oozed	Oozing	Oozes
Open	Opened	Opened	Opening	Opens
Operate	Operated	Operated	Operating	Operates
Opine	Opined	Opined	Opining	Opines
Oppress	Oppressed	Oppressed	Oppressing	Oppresses
Opt	Opted	Opted	Opting	Opts
Optimize	Optimized	Optimized	Optimizing	Optimizes
Order	Ordered	Ordered	Ordering	Orders
Organize	Organized	Organized	Organizing	Organizes
Originate	Originated	Originated	Originating	Originates
Output	Output	Output	Outputting	Outputs
Overflow	Overflowed	Overflowed	Overflowing	Overflows
Overtake	Overtook	Overtaken	Overtaking	Overtakes
Owe	Owed	Owed	Owing	Owes
Own	Owned	Owned	Owning	Owns
Pacify	Pacified	Pacified	Pacifying	Pacifies
Paint	Painted	Painted	Painting	Paints
Pardon	Pardoned	Pardoned	Pardoning	Pardons
Part	Parted	Parted	Parting	Parts
Partake	Partook	Partaken	Partaking	Partakes
Participate	Participated	Participated	Participating	Participates
Pass	Passed	Passed	Passing	Passes
Paste	Pasted	Pasted	Pasting	Pastes
Pat	Patted	Patted	Patting	Pats
Patch	Patched	Patched	Patching	Patches
Pause	Paused	Paused	Pausing	Pauses
Pay	Paid	Paid	Paying	Pays
Peep	Peeped	Peeped	Peeping	Peeps
Perish	Perished	Perished	Perishing	Perishes
Permit	Permitted	Permitted	Permitting	Permits
Persuade	Persuaded	Persuaded	Persuading	Persuades
Phone	Phoned	Phoned	Phoning	Phones
Place	Placed	Placed	Placing	Places
Plan	Planned	Planned	Planning	Plans
Play	Played	Played	Playing	Plays
Plead	Pled	Pled	Pleading	Pleads
Please	Pleased	Pleased	Pleasing	Pleases
Plod	Plodded	Plodded	Plodding	Plods
Plot	Plotted	Plotted	Plotting	Plots
Pluck	Plucked	Plucked	Plucking	Plucks
Ply	Plied	Plied	Plying	Plies
Point	Pointed	Pointed	Pointing	Points
Polish	Polished	Polished	Polishing	Polishes
Pollute	Polluted	Polluted	Polluting	Pollutes
Ponder	Pondered	Pondered	Pondering	Ponders
Pour	Poured	Poured	Pouring	Pours
Pout	Pouted	Pouted	Pouting	Pouts
Practise	Practised	Practised	Practising	Practises
Praise	Praised	Praised	Praising	Praises
Pray	Prayed	Prayed	Praying	Prays
Preach	Preached	Preached	Preaching	Preaches
Prefer	Preferred	Preferred	Preferring	Prefers
Prepare	Prepared	Prepared	Preparing	Prepares
Prescribe	Prescribed	Prescribed	Prescribing	Prescribes
Present	Presented	Presented	Presenting	Presents
Preserve	Preserved	Preserved	Preserving	Preserves
Preside	Presided	Presided	Presiding	Presides
Press	Pressed	Pressed	Pressing	Presses
Pretend	Pretended	Pretended	Pretending	Pretends
Prevent	Prevented	Prevented	Preventing	Prevents
Print	Printed	Printed	Printing	Prints
Proceed	Proceeded	Proceeded	Proceeding	Proceeds
Produce	Produced	Produced	Producing	Produces
Progress	Progressed	Progressed	Progressing	Progresses
Prohibit	Prohibited	Prohibited	Prohibiting	Prohibits
Promise	Promised	Promised	Promising	Promises
Propose	Proposed	Proposed	Proposing	Proposes
Prosecute	Prosecuted	Prosecuted	Prosecuting	Prosecutes
Protect	Protected	Protected	Protecting	Protects
Prove	Proved	Proved	Proving	Proves
Provide	Provided	Provided	Providing	Provides
Pull	Pulled	Pulled	Pulling	Pulls
Punish	Punished	Punished	Punishing	Punishes
Purify	Purified	Purified	Purifying	Purifies
Push	Pushed	Pushed	Pushing	Pushes
Put	Put	Put	Putting	Puts
Qualify	Qualified	Qualified	Qualifying	Qualifies
Quarrel	Quarrelled	Quarrelled	Quarrelling	Quarrels
Question	Questioned	Questioned	Questioning	Questions
Quit	Quit	Quit	Quitting	Quits
Race	Raced	Raced	Racing	Races
Rain	Rained	Rained	Raining	Rains
Rattle	Rattled	Rattled	Rattling	Rattles
Reach	Reached	Reached	Reaching	Reaches
Read	Read	Read	Reading	Reads
Realize	Realized	Realized	Realizing	Realizes
Rebuild	Rebuilt	Rebuilt	Rebuilding	Rebuilds
Recall	Recalled	Recalled	Recalling	Recalls
Recast	Recast	Recast	Recasting	Recasts
Receive	Received	Received	Receiving	Receives
Recite	Recited	Recited	Reciting	Recites
Recognize	Recognized	Recognized	Recognizing	Recognizes
Recollect	Recollected	Recollected	Recollecting	Recollects
Recur	Recurred	Recurred	Recurring	Recurs
Redo	Redid	Redone	Redoing	Redoes
Reduce	Reduced	Reduced	Reducing	Reduces
Refer	Referred	Referred	Referring	Refers
Reflect	Reflected	Reflected	Reflecting	Reflects
Refuse	Refused	Refused	Refusing	Refuses
Regard	Regarded	Regarded	Regarding	Regards
Regret	Regretted	Regretted	Regretting	Regrets
Relate	Related	Related	Relating	Relates
Relax	Relaxed	Relaxed	Relaxing	Relaxes
Rely	Relied	Relied	Relying	Relies
Remain	Remained	Remained	Remaining	Remains
Remake	Remade	Remade	Remaking	Remakes
Remove	Removed	Removed	Removing	Removes
Rend	Rent	Rent	Rending	Rends
Renew	Renewed	Renewed	Renewing	Renews
Renounce	Renounced	Renounced	Renouncing	Renounces
Repair	Repaired	Repaired	Repairing	Repairs
Repeat	Repeated	Repeated	Repeating	Repeats
Replace	Replaced	Replaced	Replacing	Replaces
Reply	Replied	Replied	Replying	Replies
Report	Reported	Reported	Reporting	Reports
Request	Requested	Requested	Requesting	Requests
Resell	Resold	Resold	Reselling	Resells
Resemble	Resembled	Resembled	Resembling	Resembles
Reset	Reset	Reset	Resetting	Resets
Resist	Resisted	Resisted	Resisting	Resists
Resolve	Resolved	Resolved	Resolving	Resolves
Respect	Respected	Respected	Respecting	Respects
Rest	Rested	Rested	Resting	Rests
Restrain	Restrained	Restrained	Restraining	Restrains
Retain	Retained	Retained	Retaining	Retains
Retch	Retched	Retched	Retching	Retches
Retire	Retired	Retired	Retiring	Retires
Return	Returned	Returned	Returning	Returns
Reuse	Reused	Reused	Reusing	Reuses
Review	Reviewed	Reviewed	Reviewing	Reviews
Rewind	Rewound	Rewound	Rewinding	Rewinds
Rid	Rid	Rid	Ridding	Rids
Ride	Rode	Ridden	Riding	Rides
Ring	Rang	Rung	Ringing	Rings
Rise	Rose	Risen	Rising	Rises
Roar	Roared	Roared	Roaring	Roars
Rob	Robbed	Robbed	Robbing	Robs
Roll	Rolled	Rolled	Rolling	Rolls
Rot	Rotted	Rotted	Rotting	Rots
Rub	Rubbed	Rubbed	Rubbing	Rubs
Rule	Ruled	Ruled	Ruling	Rules
Run	Ran	Run	Running	Runs
Rush	Rushed	Rushed	Rushing	Rushes
Sabotage	Sabotaged	Sabotaged	Sabotaging	Sabotages
Sack	Sacked	Sacked	Sacking	Sacks
Sacrifice	Sacrificed	Sacrificed	Sacrificing	Sacrifices
Sadden	Saddened	Saddened	Saddening	Saddens
Saddle	Saddled	Saddled	Saddling	Saddles
Sag	Sagged	Sagged	Sagging	Sags
Sail	Sailed	Sailed	Sailing	Sails
Sally	Sallied	Sallied	Sallying	Sallies
Salute	Saluted	Saluted	Saluting	Salutes
Salvage	Salvaged	Salvaged	Salvaging	Salvages
Salve	Salved	Salved	Salving	Salves
Sample	Sampled	Sampled	Sampling	Samples
Sanctify	Sanctified	Sanctified	Sanctifying	Sanctifies
Sanction	Sanctioned	Sanctioned	Sanctioning	Sanctions
Sap	Sapped	Sapped	Sapping	Saps
Sash	Sashed	Sashed	Sashing	Sashes
Sashay	Sashayed	Sashayed	Sashaying	Sashays
Sass	Sassed	Sassed	Sassing	Sasses
Sate	Sated	Sated	Sating	Sates
Satiate	Satiated	Satiated	Satiating	Satiates
Satirise	Satirised	Satirised	Satirising	Satirises
Satisfy	Satisfied	Satisfied	Satisfying	Satisfies
Saturate	Saturated	Saturated	Saturating	Saturates
Saunter	Sauntered	Sauntered	Sauntering	Saunters
Save	Saved	Saved	Saving	Saves
Saw	Sawed	Sawn	Sawing	Saws
Say	Said	Said	Saying	Says
Scab	Scabbed	Scabbed	Scabbing	Scabs
Scald	Scalded	Scalded	Scalding	Scalds
Scale	Scaled	Scaled	Scaling	Scales
Scam	Scammed	Scammed	Scamming	Scams
Scan	Scanned	Scanned	Scanning	Scans
Scant	Scanted	Scanted	Scanting	Scants
Scar	Scarred	Scarred	Scarring	Scars
Scare	Scared	Scared	Scaring	Scares
Scarify	Scarified	Scarified	Scarifying	Scarifies
Scarp	Scarped	Scarped	Scarping	Scarps
Scat	Scatted	Scatted	Scatting	Scats
Scatter	Scattered	Scattered	Scattering	Scatters
Scold	Scolded	Scolded	Scolding	Scolds
Scorch	Scorched	Scorched	Scorching	Scorches
Scowl	Scowled	Scowled	Scowling	Scowls
Scrawl	Scrawled	Scrawled	Scrawling	Scrawls
Scream	Screamed	Screamed	Screaming	Screams
Screw	Screwed	Screwed	Screwing	Screws
Scrub	Scrubbed	Scrubbed	Scrubbing	Scrubs
Search	Searched	Searched	Searching	Searches
Seat	Seated	Seated	Seating	Seats
Secure	Secured	Secured	Securing	Secures
See	Saw	Seen	Seeing	Sees
Seek	Sought	Sought	Seeking	Seeks
Seem	Seemed	Seemed	Seeming	Seems
Seize	Seized	Seized	Seizing	Seizes
Select	Selected	Selected	Selecting	Selects
Sell	Sold	Sold	Selling	Sells
Send	Sent	Sent	Sending	Sends
Sentence	Sentenced	Sentenced	Sentencing	Sentences
Separate	Separated	Separated	Separating	Separates
Set	Set	Set	Setting	Sets
Sever	Severed	Severed	Severing	Severs
Sew	Sewed	Sewn	Sewing	Sews
Shake	Shook	Shaken	Shaking	Shakes
Shape	Shaped	Shaped	Shaping	Shapes
Share	Shared	Shared	Sharing	Shares
Shatter	Shattered	Shattered	Shattering	Shatters
Shave	Shove	Shaven	Shaving	Shaves
Shear	Shore	Shorn	Shearing	Shears
Shed	Shed	Shed	Shedding	Sheds
Shine	Shone	Shone	Shining	Shines
Shirk	Shirked	Shirked	Shirking	Shirks
Shit	Shit	Shit	Shitting	Shits
Shiver	Shivered	Shivered	Shivering	Shivers
Shock	Shocked	Shocked	Shocking	Shocks
Shoe	Shod	Shod	Shoeing	Shoes
Shoot	Shot	Shot	Shooting	Shoots
Shorten	Shortened	Shortened	Shortening	Shortens
Shout	Shouted	Shouted	Shouting	Shouts
Show	Showed	Shown	Showing	Shows
Shrink	Shrank	Shrunk	Shrinking	Shrinks
Shun	Shunned	Shunned	Shunning	Shuns
Shut	Shut	Shut	Shutting	Shuts
Sight	Sighted	Sighted	Sighting	Sights
Signal	Signalled	Signalled	Signalling	Signals
Signify	Signified	Signified	Signifying	Signifies
Sing	Sang	Sung	Singing	Sings
Sink	Sank	Sunk	Sinking	Sinks
Sip	Sipped	Sipped	Sipping	Sips
Sit	Sat	Sat	Sitting	Sits
Ski	Skied	Skied	Skiing	Skis
Skid	Skidded	Skidded	Skidding	Skids
Slam	Slammed	Slammed	Slamming	Slams
Slay	Slew	Slain	Slaying	Slays
Sleep	Slept	Slept	Sleeping	Sleeps
Slide	Slid	Slid/Slide	Sliding	Slides
Slim	Slimmed	Slimmed	Slimming	Slims
Sling	Slung	Slung	Slinging	Slings
Slink	Slunk	Slunk	Slinking	Slinks
Slip	Slipped	Slipped	Slipping	Slips
Slit	Slit	Slit	Slitting	Slits
Smash	Smashed	Smashed	Smashing	Smashes
Smell	Smelt	Smelt	Smelling	Smells
Smile	Smiled	Smiled	Smiling	Smiles
Smite	Smote	Smitten	Smiting	Smites
Smooth	Smoothed	Smoothed	Smoothing	Smoothes
Smother	Smothered	Smothered	Smothering	Smothers
Snap	Snapped	Snapped	Snapping	Snaps
Snatch	Snatched	Snatched	Snatching	Snatches
Sneak	Snuck	Snuck	Sneaking	Sneaks
Sneeze	Sneezed	Sneezed	Sneezing	Sneezes
Sniff	Sniffed	Sniffed	Sniffing	Sniffs
Soar	Soared	Soared	Soaring	Soars
Sob	Sobbed	Sobbed	Sobbing	Sobs
Solicit	Solicited	Solicited	Soliciting	Solicits
Solve	Solved	Solved	Solving	Solves
Soothe	Soothed	Soothed	Soothing	Soothes
Sort	Sorted	Sorted	Sorting	Sorts
Sow	Sowed	Sowed	Sowing	Sows
Sparkle	Sparkled	Sparkled	Sparkling	Sparkles
Speak	Spoke	Spoken	Speaking	Speaks
Speed	Sped	Sped	Speeding	Speeds
Spell	Spelt	Spelt	Spelling	Spells
Spend	Spent	Spent	Spending	Spends
Spill	Spilt	Spilt	Spilling	Spills
Spin	Span/Spun	Spun	Spinning	Spins
Spit	Spat/Spit	Spat/Spit	Spitting	Spits
Split	Split	Split	Splitting	Splits
Spoil	Spoilt	Spoilt	Spoiling	Spoils
Spray	Sprayed	Sprayed	Spraying	Sprays
Spread	Spread	Spread	Spreading	Spreads
Spring	Sprang	Sprung	Springing	Springs
Sprout	Sprouted	Sprouted	Sprouting	Sprouts
Squeeze	Squeezed	Squeezed	Squeezing	Squeezes
Stand	Stood	Stood	Standing	Stands
Stare	Stared	Stared	Staring	Stares
Start	Started	Started	Starting	Starts
State	Stated	Stated	Stating	States

Question tags:

Question tags are short questions. The question tags are put at the end of the sentence. Types of question tags.

i.Positive or Simple Question tag

ii.Negative question tag

i. Positive or Simple Question tag:

When the given sentences are in simple or assertive sentences then.

Given sentences + be forms +not +subject

Ex:

1. They are very good.

They are very good, aren’t they?

2. She is beautiful girl.

She is beautiful girl, isn’t she?

3. It was a good idea.

It was a good idea, wasn’t it?

ii. Negative question tag:

When the given sentences are negative then the question tag is.

Given sentence + be form + subject?

Ex:

1. She could not tell.

She could not tell, can she?

2. We can’t run.

We can’t run, can we?

WH – WORDS/ QUESTIONS:

Why, where, what, how much, how many, who, whose whom, how far, how long, etc are called WH words.

We define W and H as common letters in the above words.

The WH-Questions are formed by using WH- words in the beginning of the sentence.

i. Simple present tense:

WH question word + do/ does+ noun or pronoun + object?

Ex:

• What do you learn?
• Why do they play?
• When does he come?
• Where do they play?

ii. Present continuous tense:

WH-question word +am/are+noun/pronoun+verb+ing

Ex:

• What are you learning?
• Why he is playing?
• Where am I playing?
• When is he writing?

iii. Present perfect tense:

WH question word + has/ have+noun/pronoun +past participle verb?

Ex:

• Why has he eaten?
• What I have learnt?
• Where have we gone?
• When have you come?

iv. Present perfect continuous tense:

Wh –question word+have/has+noun/pronoun+been+main verb+ing?

Ex:

• What has they been doing?
• Why has he been learning?
• Where have we been playing?
• When has he been going?

AUXILLARY VERBS:

This is a list of English auxiliary verbs,

Be (am, are, is, was, were, being)

Can, could

Do (did, does, doing)

Have (had, has, having),

May, might, must, shall,  should, will, would.

Ex:

• I am having a cup of coffee.
• You have been practicing hard.
• It was written by a petitioner.
• You may choose what you like.
• I can make jewellery.
• Can I use your bathroom?
• Could I take this jacket with me?
• You could borrow my umbrella.
• May I come in?
• May I say something now?
• She may agree with this plan.
• He might have finished it.
• I might go see a doctor.
• I might not come this time.
• I must complete the project by this week.
• The government must provide health care for everybody.
• I will take this duty.
• Will you stop talking like that?
• I would rather go shopping today.
• We’d rather say something than stay quiet.
• Shall we dance?
• Shall I go now?
• You should rest at home today.
• I should take a bus this time.

COMBINE USING ‘ING’ FORM:

Ex:

• They sat by the fire, they began talking.

Sitting by the fire, they began talking

• He went along the road. He saw a beautiful girl.

Going along the road he saw a beautiful girl.

SENTENCES:

A sentence is a group of words which gives complete meaning.

Set of words with complete sense is knows as sentences.

Ex:

Parts of sentences:

A sentence has two parts.

i.Subject

ii.Predicte

i. Subject:

It says that person, animal or thing who does the work or who acts.

ii. Predicate:

The predicate tells us about what the subject does.

Ex:

• Anil (Sub) is writing a letter (Predicate).
• She (Sub) does this work (Predicate).

Kinds of sentences:

1. Assertive sentences
2. Imperative sentences
3. Interrogative sentences
4. Exclamatory sentence

SIMPLE, COMPLEX & COMPOUND SENTENCES:

 i. Simple Sentence:

A sentence which has only one subject and one predicate is called a simple sentence.

Ex:

• The birds are flying in the sky
• The rose is a beautiful flower

ii. Complex sentence:

A sentence which has one principal or main clouse and one or more subordinate clauses is called a complex sentence.

A complex sentence consists of more than one subject and one predicate.

Ex:

• He is the famous singer whom everyone knows.
• This is a book which the children like most.

iii. Compound sentence:

A sentence which has two or more main clouses which can stand by themselves as independent sentences is called compound sentence.

A compound sentence consists of more than one subject and one predicate.

Ex:

• He is rich, but he is humble
• She is lame, but she walks fast

iv. Combine the following sentences in to one:

Ex:

• He opened the drawer. He took out a revolver.

— Opening the drawer, he took out a revolver.

• The teacher took a piece of paper. He began to write

–Taking a piece of paper, the teacher began to write

v. Rewrite the following using ’ to’ or ‘for’:

Ex:

• The teacher told the class a story

— The teacher told the a story to the class

• Get me a glass of water.

–Get a glass of water for me.

vi. Rewrite the sentences without using to or for:

Ex:

• Give the money to her.

–Give her the money.

• Did you give the book to your teacher?

–Did you your teacher the book

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES:

Exclamatory sentences are those sentences which Express sudden feelings of human mind.

i. Rules to changes assertive to Exclamatory:

Assertive sentences are changed in to Exclamatory sentences by using what, how at the beginning.

Ex:

• Assertive: The condition of woman prisoners was really terrible.

Exclamatory: How terrible the condition of the woman prisoners was!

• Assertive: The sight was very shocking

Exclamatory: How shocking the sight was!

ii. Exclamatory to Assertive sentences:

Ex:

• Assertive: How beautiful the rose is!

Exclamatory: The rose is a very beautiful.

REARRANGE SENTENCES:

Here some jumbled sentences are given and students are Expected to arrange them according to the proper context and sequence with linking words like so, therefore, but, because, on account of etc.

Ex:

Rearrange the following five sentences in proper sequence so as to for a meaningful paragraph, then answer the questions given below them.

a.After Examining him, the doctor smiled at him mischievously and took out a syringe.

b.Thinking that he was really sick, his father summoned the family doctor.

c.That day, Mintu wanted to take a day off from school

d.Immediately, Mintu jumped up from his bed and swore the he was fine

e.Therefor; he pretended to be sick and remained in bed.

ANS: CEBAD

Rearrange the following six sentences in proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph, then answer the questions given below.

a.A case in point is the programme involving the Sardar Sarovar Dam which would displace about 2, 00, 000 people.

b.Critics decry the fact that a major development institution appears to absorb more capital than it distributes to borrowers.

c.For all its faults critics however, concede that the bank remains a relatively efficient instrument for distribution of development-aid money.

d.One of the key complaint focuses on this non-profit bank’s recent “profitability”

e.Although the lives of millions of people around the globe have been improved by the bank’s activities, it is now under fire.

f.The bank is also being blamed for large-scale involuntary resettlement to make way for dams and other construction projects.

ANS: DCBAFE

SYNONYMS (similar Words):

The words which give the same meaning for the given words are known as similar meaning words.

Ex:

Awful- Terrible

Begin- Commence

Beneficial- Favourable

Calm- Tranquil

Contemporary- Modern

Dangerous- Perilous

Delicious- Scrumptious

Deceptive- Misleading

Dicey- Risky

Dubious- Doubtful

Everlasting- Eternal

Fortunate- Lucky

Get- Acquire

Hearsay- Rumour

Hypothesis- Speculation

Idea- Notion

Impassive- Emotionless

Important- Vital

Jealous -Envious

Knowingly- Deliberately

Lazy- Sluggish

Lethal- Deadly

Lucid- Clear

Madness- Insanity

Mendacity- Lying

Mischievous- Prankster

Notify- Inform

Nugatory- Worthless

Obdurate- Stubborn

Obsolete- Out of date

Passable- Satisfactory

Preceding- Previous

Predicament- Dilemma

Priority- Precedence

Quiet- Soundless

Quite- Fairly

Reminiscence- Memory

Remorse- Regret

Remote- Isolated

Scared- Frightened

Significant- Meaningful

Story- Tale

Substantially- Considerably

Temper- Mood

Torpid- Lethargic

Transitorily- Temporary

Untimely- Premature

Vain- Useless

Wrong- Erroneous

Zenith- Peak

ANTONYMS (Opposite Words)-

Ex–

Adulteration- Purification

Amalgamate- Isolate

Eminent- Notorious

Amplify- Decrease

Exasperate- Placate

Autonomous- Dependent

Bane- Benevolent

Boycott- Patronize

Chaste- Impure

Cognizance- Ignorance

Cynical- Trusting

Eschew- Welcome

Devoid- Full of

Differentiate- Combine

Ambiguous- Clear

Enmity- Affection

Equanimity- Agitation

Astute- Foolish

Feasible- Impracticable

Adhere- Detach

Aloof- Gregarious

Amalgamate- Separate

Emancipate- Enslave

Dwindle- Increase

Aptitude- Lack of talent

Boisterous- Peaceful

Complacency- Dissatisfaction

Erratic- Consistent

Bland- Spicy

SUBSTITUTION BY ONE WORD-

Ex–

• One who lives on vegetables – Vegetarian
• One who can read and where – Literate
• One who neither read nor write – Illiterate
• That which cannot be satisfied – Insatiable
• That can’t hardly to be believed – Incredible
• Liked by all and every one – Popular
• Who is destitute of knowledge – Innocent
• One who eats human flesh – Cannibal
• Pressessed of life – Living
• A list of names of books – Catalogue
• Building where dead bodies are kept – Mortury
• A life history of man written by himself – Autobiography
• One who cannot talk – Dumb
• State of being married – Matrimony
• Which lives in water – Aquatics

REARRANGE THE WORDS IN THE CORRECT ORDER-

Ex–

1. Help / my friends / I / with their homework

I help my friends with their homework.

2. make / people / laugh / when they are sad/ I

I make people laugh when they are sad.

3. talk / to my friends / on the phone / I

I talk to my friends on the phone.

4. do sports / I / at the weekends / not / do

I don´t sports at the weekends.

5.play / I / a musical instrument / in the evening

In the evening I play a musical instrument.

PREFIXES-

By putting some letters in the beginning of the given words prefixes are formed.

Ex–

word	prefixed word	type of meaning
possible	impossible	opposite
able	unable	opposite/negation
payment	non-payment	negation
war	pre-war	time (before)
terrestrial	extraterrestrial	place (outside of/beyond)
cook	overcook	manner (too much)

SUFFIXES-

By putting some letters at the end of the given words suffixes are formed.

Ex–

words	suffix	new words
forget, use	-ful	forgetful, useful
state, govern	-ment	statement, government
complicate, create	-ion	complication, creation

suffix	examples of nouns
-age	baggage, village, postage
-al	arrival, burial, deferral
-ance/-ence	reliance, defence, insistence
-dom	boredom, freedom, kingdom
-ee	employee, payee, trainee
-er/-or	driver, writer, director

suffix	examples of adjectives
-able/-ible	drinkable, portable, flexible
-al	brutal, formal, postal
-en	broken, golden, wooden
-ese	Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese
-ful	forgetful, helpful, useful

suffix	examples of verbs
-ate	complicate, dominate, irritate
-en	harden, soften, shorten
-ify	beautify, clarify, identify

suffix	examples of adverbs
-ly	calmly, easily, quickly
-ward(s)	downwards, homeward(s), upwards
-wise	anti-clockwise, clockwise, edgewise

COMBINING THE SENTENCES-

Ex– using and, as well as, but also

• Rashmi wrote the letter. She posted it.

Alice wrote the letter and posted it.

• John passed the test. James also passed the test.

Tom, as well as, James passed the test.

• He has many admirers. He also has several detractors.

Not only has he many admirers, but also several detractors.

Using but, yet, whereas

• He is ill. He is cheerful.

He is ill but cheerful.

• He is rich. He is miserable.

He is rich, yet miserable.

Using or, either or, nor, neither nor, otherwise

• You can go by bus. You can go by train.

You can go by bus or train.

• He does not smoke. He does not drink.

He neither smokes nor drinks.

Neither does he smoke nor does he drink.

• You must work hard. You will not win.

You must work hard otherwise you will not win.

IDIOMS AND PHRASES-

Use the following Phrases and Idioms in your sentences.

Ex–

• Chip on your shoulder:

Meaning-When someone is upset about something that happened a while ago

Sentence-He has a chip on his shoulder for being abandoned by his parents in his childhood

• Piece of cake:

Meaning-Something that is easy to understand or do

Sentence-I thought that the problem would be tough, but it turned out to be a piece of cake!

• Golden handshake:

Meaning-A big sum of money given to a person when he/she leaves a company or retires

Sentence-The management of the company wanted to decrease their workforce. They offered a golden handshake to their aged employees.

• Last straw:

Meaning-The final problem in a series of problems

Sentence-My body was already in bad shape. The accident was the last straw. I am now on complete bed rest.

• Break the ice:

Meaning-To initiate a social conversation or interaction

Sentence-At the start of the lecture, the new professor tried to break the ice by telling a joke.

• Make a face:

Meaning-To show dislike or disappointment through facial expressions

Sentence-Little Stella made a face at the sight of bitter gourd in her food.

FIGURES OF SPEECH-

Figures of speech are extensively and effectively used in poetry to express the ideas and feelings in an impressive manner.

Classification of Figure of Speech-

i. Simile-

A figure of speech which is used to compare two different things having a common quality is known as a simile.

Ex–

• He eats like a gannet.
• This sandwich tastes like sawdust between two doormats.
• She sings like an angel.
• It’s like water off a duck’s back.

ii. Metaphor-

Metaphor is an implied smile in which the two things are treated as one.

Ex–

• This bedroom is a prison.
• He’s a real gannet.
• He listened with a stone face.
• We don’t need dinosaurs in this company.

iii. Personification-

A figure of speech which is used to believe that inanimate, lifeless, objects and abstract ideas are living being is known as personification.

Ex–

• The tide waits for no man.
• My car tends to give up on long hills.
• Summer’s healing rays

NO SOONER/ AS SOON AS-

Rules-

1. Find out the tense of the given sentence.
2. If the given sentence is past tense use ‘did’ and main verb.
3. Replace as soon as by no sooner them.

Ex–

• She read the telegram. She fainted at once.

No sooner did she read the telegram than she fainted.

• The thieves saw the police. They ran away at once.

No sooner did the thieves see the police than they ran away

• The child started crying. His mother lifted him up at once.

No sooner did the child start crying than his mother lifted him up.

• I went to bed. Soon I fell asleep.

No sooner did I go to bed than I fell asleep

• I took a dose of the medicine. Soon I started feeling better.

No sooner did I take a dose of medicine than I started feeling better.

• As soon as the sun rose, the fog disappeared.

No sooner had the sun risen than the fog disappeared.

• As soon as I finished my studies, I got a good job.

No sooner had I finished my studies than I got a good job.

• As soon as I put the phone down, it started ringing again.

No sooner did I put the phone down than it started ringing again.

• As soon as they met, they fell in love with each other.

No sooner did they meet than they fell in love with each other.

• As soon as the sun disappeared below the horizon, darkness began to envelop the planet.

No sooner had the sun disappeared below the horizon than darkness began to envelop the planet.

NOT ONLY – BUT ALSO-

Rules-

1. Not only is used first and but also is used next.
2. It joins two sentences.
3. After putting but also we should remove subject.

Ex–

• She was not only sad, but also
• Not only was she sad; she was also
• They not only need food, but also
• Not only do they need food, but they also need shelter.
• Not only do they need food; they also need shelter.

REMOVE TOO- TO, USE, SO- THAT-

 Rules-

1. To find the tense of the given sentence.
2. If the given sentence is an present tense then we use cannot.
3. If the given sentence is in past tense then we use could not.
4. Replace to by so.
5. Replace to by that.

Ex–

• He is too proud to admit his mistake.

He is so proud that he will not admit his mistake.

• It is very hot outside.

It is too hot outside.

• He was so shocked that he could not speak.

He was too shocked to speak.

• She is so proud that she will not apologies.

She is too proud to apologise.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH-

Direct speech-

If the actual words of the speaker are reported then the speech is called direct speech.

Ex–

• “I’m going to the cinema”, he said.

Indirect Speech-

If the actual words of the speaker are converted while reporting then the speech id called indirect speech.

Ex–

• He said he was going to the cinema.

Rules for the formation of Indirect Speech-

Rule i–

If the reporting verb is in the present tense or future tense then the tense of the reported speech is not changed while reporting in the indirect speech.

Ex–

• CM says, “I solve the problems of the people”

CM says that he solves the problem of the people.

• CM will say in Mysore, ”I know the problems of people”.

CM will say in Mysore that he knows the problems of people.

Rule ii-

If the reporting verb is in the past tense then the tense of the reported speech will be changed while reporting in the indirect speech as given below.

Ex–

Simple Present	Simple Past
Present Indefinite	Past Indefinite
Present Continuous	Past Continuous
Present Perfect	Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
Past Indefinite	Past Perfect
Past Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect	No change of Tense
Past Perfect Continuous	No change of Tense
Will/Shall in Future Tense	Would/Should (Should with Pronoun ‘I’ & ‘We’ only)
Can	Could
May	Might
Could/Should/Would/Might	No Change

• “I always drink coffee”, she said

She said that she always drank coffee.

Rule iii-

Time and Distance.

Ex–

Here-There

Today-That day

This – that

Yesterday-the previous day

Now-then

Ago-before

Rule iv-

If interrogative sentences are used in the reported speech then whether or if is used.

If WH words used in interrogative sentence then the same WH word is used instead of whether or if.

Ex–

• Ram said to me yesterday, ”Where are you going?

Ram asked me yesterday, ”where I was going.

Rule v–

If an imperative sentences are used in the reported speech then

 ‘ to ‘   is used instead of the conjunction that. Said or told changes to ordered,

Ex–

• Ram said to me,” Go out”

Ram ordered me to go out

Rule vi–

If the Exclamatory sentences are used in the reported speech then, said or told changes to Exclaimed, shouted, cried out, shouted joyfully etc.,

Ex–

• Arun said to his wife, “Oh! What a beautiful city it is”.

 Arun exclaimed joyfully to his wife that it was a beautiful city

Rule vii-

If the there is a universal truth, then tense is not changed while, reporting in the indirect speech.

Ex–

• Savi said to her son, “ God is great”.

Savi said to her son that God is great

ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE VOICE-

Ex–

• Harry ate six shrimp at dinner. (active)

At dinner, six shrimp were eaten by Harry. (passive)

• Sue changed the flat tire. (active)

The flat tire was changed by Sue. (passive)

• We are going to watch a movie tonight. (active)

A movie is going to be watched by us tonight. (passive)

• I ran the obstacle course in record time. (active)

The obstacle course was run by me in record time. (passive)

• The crew paved the entire stretch of highway. (active)

The entire stretch of highway was paved by the crew. (passive)

• She faxed her application for a new job. (active)

The application for a new job was faxed by her. (passive)

• Tom painted the entire house. (active)

The entire house was painted by Tom. (passive)